Gender socialization, as one of the most basic types of socialization, affects a person's individual and social life, including the stability of his or her marital life. The aim of this study was to explain the relationship between gender socialization and divorce between 178 divorced women and 222 women with emotional divorce, which was conducted by survey method in Bandar Abbas. This study used biological and social theories to explain gender socialization and theories of structural functionalism and the love triangle to explain divorce. In the present study, simple and stratified random sampling proportional to volume was used for women with emotional divorce and chain sampling was used for divorced women. Questionnaire data were collected through interviews and face validity was confirmed through literature review and expert judgment, structural validity was confirmed by factor analysis and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The results showed that gender socialization of 29.4% of divorced women and 70.6% of women with emotional divorce is traditional, and on the other hand 60.2% of divorced women and 39.8% of women with emotional divorce, Had a modern gender socialization. According to the results of Chi-square test, there is a significant relationship between the type of gender socialization of women, gender values, gender inequality and power relations with the type of divorce. Accordingly, women with emotional divorce have a more traditional outlook than divorced women.

Commercial Determinants of Health (CDoH) are defined by the World Health Organization (WHO)1 as comprising “private sector activities that affect people’s Health positively or negatively. ” They “arise in the context of the provision of goods or services for payment and include Commercial activities, as well as the environment in which commerce takes place. ” Emerging literature examines the various Health effects of Commercial actors, such as lobbying and policy influence, product marketing and consumption and through systemlevel effects. 2 We offer here an additional tool for future research efforts. It has been argued that due to the pervasive nature, scale, and cumulative Health effects of Commercial actors, there is a need for wider, more interdisciplinary lenses in their study. In their call for more CDoH research the WHO highlighted particular areas of need around “governance considerations, including transparency and accountability, ” which we use as our departure point. Taking as a focus the Health effects of corporate power, particularly on employees through corporate governance, the key objective here is to outline the relevance of critical accounting as a research tool for CDoH.

An important contributor to the rising global prevalence of obesity1 has been the widespread availability of cheap, unHealthy ultra-processed foods (UPFs). These are “formulations of ingredients, mostly of exclusive industrial use, typically created by a series of industrial techniques and processes. ”2 UPFs are nutritionally inferior to unprocessed, minimally processed or processed foods, containing significantly higher proportions of free sugars, total and saturated fats, salt and energy density, and lower proportions of protein, fibre, vitamins and minerals. 3 They are affordable, hyper-palatable, stimulate repeat purchase, are aggressively marketed and branded, and highly profitable. 4 The evidence is now unequivocal that UPFs are a significant driver of obesity, 5 diabetes, 6 increased morbidity and mortality7. UPFs now comprise over half of all food intake in America8 and Britain, 9 radically displacing Healthier, less processed food from the diet.

Background  While support for the idea of fostering Healthy societies is longstanding, there is a gap in the literature on what they are, how to beget them, and how experience might inform future efforts. This paper explores developments since Alma Ata (1978) to understand how a range of related concepts and fields inform approaches to Healthy societies and to develop a model to help conceptualize future research and policy initiatives.Methods  Drawing on 68 purposively selected documents, including political declarations, commission and agency reports, peer-reviewed papers and guidance notes, we undertook qualitative thematic analysis. Three independent researchers compiled and categorised themes describing the domains of a potential Healthy societies approach.Results  The literature provides numerous frameworks. Some of these frameworks promote alternative endpoints to development, eschewing short-term economic growth in favour of Health, equity, well-being and sustainability. They also identify values, such as gender equality, collaboration, human rights and empowerment that provide the pathways to, or underpin, such endpoints. We categorize the literature into four “components”: people; places; products; and planet. People refers to social positions, interactions and networks creating well-being. Places are physical environments — built and natural — and the interests and policies shaping them. Products are commodities and Commercial practices impacting population Health. Planet places human Health in the context of the ‘Anthropocene.’ These components interact in complex ways across global, regional, country and community levels as outlined in our heuristic.Conclusion  The literature offers little critical reflection on why greater progress has not been made, or on the need to organise and resist the prevailing systems which perpetuate ill-Health.

Background  Commercial Determinants of Health (CDoH) represent a critical frame for exploring undue corporate and Commercial influence over Health. Power lenses are integral to understanding CDoH. Impacts of food, alcohol, and gambling industries are observable CDoH outcomes. This study aims to inform understanding of the systems and institutions of Commercial and/or corporate forces working within the Australian food, alcohol, and gambling industries that influence Health and well-being, including broader discourses materialised via these systems and institutions.Methods  Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with key-informants on Australian public policy processes. Interviewees were current and former politicians, political staff members, regulators and other public servants, industry representatives, lobbyists, journalists, and researchers with expertise and experience of the Australian food, alcohol, and/or gambling industries. Interviews sought participants’ perceptions of Australian food, alcohol, and gambling industries’ similarities and differences, power and influence, relationships, and intervention opportunities and needs.Results  Strategies and tactics used by Australian food, alcohol and gambling industries are similar, and similar to those of the tobacco industry. They wield considerable soft (eg, persuasive, preference-shaping) and hard (eg, coercive, political, and legal/economic) power. Perceptions of this power differed considerably according to participants’ backgrounds. Participants framed their understanding of necessary interventions using orthodox neoliberal discourses, including limiting the role of government, emphasising education, consumer freedom, and personal choice.Conclusion  Food, alcohol, and gambling industries exercise powerful influences in Australian public policy processes, affecting population Health and well-being. Per Wood and colleagues’ framework, these manifest corporate, social, and ecological outcomes, and represent considerable instrumental, structural, and discursive power. We identify power as arising from discourse and material resources alike, along with relationships and complex industry networks. Addressing power is essential for reducing CDoH harms. Disrupting orthodox discourses and ideologies underpinning this should be a core focus of public Health (PH) advocates and researchers alike.

Background: There is increasing recognition that power imbalances that favour corporations, especially those active in unHealthy commodity industries, over other actors are central to the ways in which corporations influence population Health. However, existing frameworks for analysing corporate strategies and practices that impact on Health do not incorporate concepts of power in consistent ways. This paper aimed to review the ways in which corporate power has been incorporated into such frameworks, and to propose a revised framing of the Commercial Determinants of Health (CDoH) that makes concepts of power explicit. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of frameworks that identify corporate strategies and practices and explain how these influence population Health. Content analysis was conducted to identify explicit references to different qualities of power –,its origins, nature, and manifestations. Results: Twenty-two frameworks were identified, five of which used theories of power. A wide range of contexts that shape, and are shaped by corporate power were discussed, as were a diversity of corporate, social and ecological outcomes. A variety of material and ideational sources of power was also covered. We proposed an integrated ‘, Corporate Power and Health’,framework to inform analysis of the CDoH, organised around key questions on power set out by Foucault. The proposed framework draws from a number of well-established corporate power theories and synthesises key features of existing CDoH frameworks. Conclusion: Public Health advocates, researchers and policy-makers would likely be better placed to understand and address the CDoH by engaging with theories of power to a greater extent, and by explicitly incorporating concepts of corporate power in analyses of how the deployment of corporate strategies and practices influence population Health.

The recent concerns raised about Commercial Determinants of Health (CDoH) are not new. Numerous organizations around the world are working on these issues. These groups have emerged in response to specific issues and contexts and bring with them a diversity of interests, worldviews and strategies for change. In creating the ‘, Governance, Ethics and Conflicts of Interest in Public Health’,network in 2018, our hope was to broaden our engagement with other actors advocating for change and strengthen our collective efforts. For academics, this requires moving further beyond the collective comfort zone of peer-reviewed publications, working with the media and those with political expertise, and learning from and supporting other stakeholders with a common vision.

Systematic public monitoring of the practices of corporations that harm Health is a necessary but not sufficient measure to reduce the adverse impact of these practices. By supporting social movements and Health activist campaigns that seek to modify the corporate structures, systems and practices that harm Health, public Health professionals and researchers can bring powerful new voices into this crucial public Health task. Partnerships between the public Health organizations and social movements and activists who seek to make human and planetary well-being more important objectives than higher corporate profits can help to achieve this aim. Public Health professionals can play an important role in supporting such partnerships.

Background  In many sectors of the economy, for-profit business corporations hold excessive power relative to some governments and civil society. These power imbalances have been recognised as important contributors to many pressing and complex societal challenges, including unHealthy diets, climate change, and widening socio-economic inequalities, and thus pose a major barrier to efforts to improve public Health and Health equity. In this paper, we reviewed potential actions for addressing excessive corporate power.Methods  We conducted a scoping review of diverse literature (using Scopus, Web of Science, HeinOnline, and EBSCO databases), along with expanded searches, to identify state and collective actions with the potential to address excessive corporate power. Actions were thematically classified into overarching strategic objectives, guided by Meagher’s ‘3Ds’ heuristic, which classifies actions to curb corporate power into three groups: dispersion, democratisation, and dissolution. Based on the actions identified, we proposed two additional strategic objectives: reform and democratise the global governance of corporations, and strengthen countervailing power structures.Results  We identified 178 documents that collectively cover a broad range of actions to address excessive corporate power. In total, 18 interrelated strategies were identified, along with several examples in which aspects of these strategies have been implemented.Conclusion  The proposed framework sheds light on how a diverse set of strategies and actions that seek to address excessive corporate power can work synergistically to change the regulatory context in which corporations operate, so that broader societal goals, including Health and equity, are given much greater prominence and consideration vis-à-vis powerful corporate interests.